![]() Other grave misfortunes throughout Jewish history occurred on the Ninth of Av, including: Jerusalem was rebuilt as a pagan city – renamed Aelia Capitolina – and access was forbidden to Jews. The Temple area and its surroundings were plowed under by the Roman general Turnus Rufus.The city of Betar – the Jews’ last stand against the Romans – was captured and liquidated. The Bar Kochba revolt was crushed by Roman Emperor Hadrian.Some two million Jews died, and another one million were exiled. The Second Temple was destroyed by the Romans, led by Titus.100,000 Jews were slaughtered and millions more exiled. ![]() The First Temple was destroyed by the Babylonians, led by Nebuchadnezzar.During the time of Moses, Jews in the desert accepted the slanderous report of the 10 Spies, and the decree was issued forbidding them from entering the Land of Israel.On Tisha B’Av, five national calamities occurred:
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